Chapter 15: Pests of Shade Trees

Boyd , K. 1989.Controlling Gypsy Moth Caterpillars With Barrier Bands . University of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service ( Fact Sheet 476 ) . 4 pp . ( extension.umd.edu/publications/PDFs/FS476.pdf ) An excellent illustrated guide .

Bumstead , C. , A. Knaus , and A. Jones , eds . 1986.Pesticides : A Community Action Guide . business , Inc. 23 pp . ( uncommitted from : business , 1794 Columbia Rd . , NW , Washington , D.C. 20009 . ) An creation to the complex issues surrounding chemical pesticides , with advice on the persona soul and community can toy in determining safe use and more in force regulation of these materials .

Davidson , J.A. , S.A. Gill , and W.T. Johnson . 1989.Foliar and growth force of insistent summer horticultural oil color sprays on trees and shrubs under drouth emphasis . Journal of Arboriculture16(4):77 - 81 . This subject area reveals that the fresh , highly refined horticultural oils can be sprayed on many tree diagram species while in full leaf and during high temperature without causing substantial damage . Former “ inactive ” oils were believe to be safe to utilise only when trees were dormant and without leaves .

Doane , C. , and M. McManus , eds . 1981.The Gypsy Moth : Research Toward Integrated Pest Management . Washington , D.C. : USDA , U.S. Forest Service ( Bulletin 1584 ) . 757 pp . A detailed description of the first 90 years of American cause to control this introduced pest .

Flint , M.L. , S.H. Dreistadt , and J.K. Clark . 1998.Natural Enemies Handbook : The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control . Richmond , CA . : University of California ANR Communication Services . publishing # 3386 . 154 pp .

Grossman , J. 1990.Horticultural oil : new summertime uses on decorative plant pests . The IPM Practitioner12(8):1 - 10 . This article summarizes recent apply research using horticultural petroleum to kill common Caterpillar and other plague on ornamental tree and shrub . It discuss which oil color to use and when to take precautions to forestall damage to the plant .

Harris , R.W. 1983.Arboriculture : Care of Trees , Shrubs , and Vines In the Landscape . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . 688 pp . An excellent , canonic Good Book on the proper direction of Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree .

Johnson , W.T. , and H.H. Lyon . 1988.Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs , an Illustrated Practical Guide , 2nd ed . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . 464 pp . A greatly expanded edition of a extremely hail employment first published in 1976 . Although there are no accurate recommendations for management , this reference book is a primary start place for identification , biological summaries , and admittance to the lit , which is widely scattered and is seldom integrated . The IPM philosophical system is make headway by the authors in the introductory subdivision .

Miller , R.W. 1988.Urban Forestry : Planning and Managing Urban Green - Spaces . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . 404 pp . This Bible does an excellent job of summarizing the value of Tree in urban environments , and provides good models for sound tree management . The focus is on the “ big movie , ” including discussions of tree ordinances , managing street tree planting programs , pruning schedules and caring for park and right - of - way vegetation . In our experience of developing IPM programme for municipal tree , the well prepare the street tree department , the more likely the winner of an IPM computer program .

( Note : All publication below by William Olkowski et al . are available from the source at the Bio Integral Resource Center ( BIRC ) , P.O. Box 7414 , Berkeley , CA 94707 . )

Olkowski , W. 1973 . “ A Model Ecosystem Management Program ” proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management 5:103 - 117 . This paper presents a current diagram of the components of an IPM programme developed for the metropolis of Berkeley , California . It also advances for the first time the construct of an aesthetical trauma degree .

Olkowski , W. 1989.Update : biological ascendency of aphid : what ’s really involved . The IPM Practitioner11(4):1 - 9 . This review article discusses authoritative classic cases of parasitoid importation against aphid and the possibility behind it . It summarizes efforts to spell lifelike enemies .

Olkowski , W. , and S. Daar . 1986.Biocontrol of winter moth on Vancouver Island . The IPM Practitioner8(3):4 - 5 . A description of a successful Canadian program against this acquaint tree gadfly .

Olkowski , W. , and S. Daar . 1989.Chinese use insect - attacking nematode against major pests . The IPM Practitioner11(11/12):1 - 8 . A treatment of the innovational use of beneficial nematodes by the Chinese to control various pests , let in an analogue of the codling moth , an apple pest in the United States and carpenter worm borers of spectre trees .

Olkowski , W. , S. Daar , M. Green , D. Anderson , and J. Hyde . 1986.Update : new IPM methods for elm foliage beetles . The IPM Practitioner8(5):1 - 7 . This report summarizes shape on the development of an IPM programme featuring the employment of insecticidal band applied to tree trunks to reduce elmwood leaf mallet populations . The work was conducted over eight years in various cities in northerly California . Previous work attempting to establish parasitoids against the elm tree leaf mallet is also summarized .

Olkowski , W. , and H. Olkowski . 1976.Entomophobia in the urban ecosystem , some observations and mesmerism . Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America22(3):313 - 317 . A sum-up from personal observations and published literature of the irrational fear of insects . The article discusses the need for Education Department in IPM and how the educational program should be structure .

Olkowski , W. , H. Olkowski , and S. Daar . 1984.Integrated Pest Management for Tent Caterpillars : A BIRC Technical Review . Berkeley , California : Bio - Integral Resource Center . 20 pp . This booklet uses an IPM framework to review the literature on tent caterpillars of the United States . It was originally prepared for the National Park Service .

Olkowski , W. , H. Olkowski , T. Drylik , M. Minter , R. Zuparko , L. Laub , L. Orthel , and N. Heidler . 1978.“Pest Control scheme : Urban Integrated Pest Management ” inPest Control Strategies , eds . E.H. Smith and D. Pimentel , pp . 215 - 234 . New York : Academic Press . 334 pp . This chapter reviews preliminary surveys on urban pests in California . It covers pesticide use , present data on the aesthetic combat injury of street trees , and summarizes pesterer problems faced by an urban biologic control project managing street trees in five metropolis in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1976 and 1977 . The motivation to include biological control importation in an IPM plan is also discuss .

Olkowski , W. , H. Olkowski , R. van lair Bosch , and R. Hom . 1976.Ecosystem management : a fabric for urban pest ascendance . Bioscience26(6):384 - 389.In addition to talk over how an IPM programme fits into an ecosystem direction framework , this newspaper summarizes pesticide use changes over a six - class menses in Berkeley , California .

Olkowski , W. , D. Pinnock , W. Toney , G. Mosher , W. Neasbitt , R van den Bosch , and H. Olkowski . 1974.An integrated louse control plan for street trees . California Agriculture28(1):3 - 4 . This newspaper annunciate some of the result of a project then running for three years with the Berkeley Recreation and Parks Department that developed an IPM program for 30,000 street tree of 123 species . IPM had not previously been used in urban options . The urban center save about $ 22,500 a year by shifting from mainly foliar applications of insecticide to a system that stressed biologic control and required monitoring and the establishment of aesthetical hurt levels before treatment was undertaken . This was the first IPM program for a urban center tree system in North America .

Olkowski , H. , T. Stewart , W. Olkowski , and S. Daar . 1982.Designing and Implementing Integrated Pest Management Programs for Cities ” inUrban and Suburban Trees : Pest Problems , Needs , Prospects , and Solutions , eds . B.O. Parks , F.A. Fear , M.T. Lambur , and G.A. Simmons , pp . 149 - 155 . Proceedings of a group discussion held at Michigan State University , Kellogg Center for Continuing Education , East Lansing , Michigan , April 18 - 20 , 1982 . 253 pp . A conceptual verbal description of the IPM process , include a discussion of barriers to the borrowing of IPM engineering science . example of psychological resistance are provided , with suggestions on how to plan for and get the better of this resistance .

Shigo , A. 1986.A New Tree Biology : fact , Photos , and doctrine on Trees and Their Problems and right Care . Durham , N.H. : Shigo and Trees , Assoc . 595 pp . This Scripture is a compendium of illuminating black and white photo illustrating tree biology and virtual management technique . The correspond text combines biological insight with inspirational visual sensation . Shigo has commit a lifetime to understand how tree defend infections by organisms and damage from physical and human agent . The highly accessible , innovative data formatting is composed of a picture accompany by a paragraph or so of gossip . This makes it easygoing to read and stick out little incision at a sitting . There are no references or power , but the formation of the record book is pronto apparent and one can receive subjects through the tabular array of contents . This is an owing book on tree diagram care .

Upton Sinclair , W.A. , H.H. Lyon , and W.T. Johnson . 1987.Diseases of Trees and Shrubs . Ithaca , N.Y. : Comstock Publishing , Cornell University Press . 574 pp . This canonical resource on the identification and biology of diseases of shade Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and decorative shrubs is already a classic in its field . The 247 coloration plates composed of 1,700 individual photographs are of keen value in designation . The line on the face pages provide biological account of the pathogens or condition see . Although exact directions for management are not provided , the biological information is critical for developing management programs . Everyone who works with trees and shrubs should employ this volume and its companion volume by Johnson and Lyon ( above ) .

Tong , X.W. 1989.Enhancement of nut parasitization of pine cat in China . The IPM Practitioner11(2):12 . An English speech abstract of important Taiwanese biological command work against this tree pest , reprint from the ChineseJournal of Biological Control . The Chinese are far onwards of the Americans in using method acting of biological control sweetening .

Xie , Q.K. 1989.Moving spiders to assure pine sawfly in China . The IPM Practitioner11(3):14 . This newspaper was translated by BIRC ’s China Program staff . An English language abstract was put out to encourage pest control researchers in the U.S. to post more accent on spider in the control condition of pests and their potential usage in biological control augmentation efforts .

Zhang , L.Q. 1989.Biological control of a forest borer in China . The IPM Practitioner11(5):5 - 7 . Borers are passing difficult to control , and the Chinese work rearing and releasing parasitoids is innovative and successful . This article report on one representative .

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Chapter 14: Pests of Food and Ornamental Gardens

Chapter 12: Preventing Lawn Pests

Chapter 8: New Frontiers: Microbials, Pheromones, and Insect Growth Regulators

Chapter 4: Pest Treatment Strategies and Tactics

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